I received my Ph.D. degree from Yale University in 1962. I am currently professor of psychology and head of the social/cognitive program at Georgia State University. My research deals with social behavior and personality. Much of this research falls in the area between psychology and biology.

In social psychology I have studied spatial behavior, crowding, physical attractiveness, persuasion, nonverbal communication, turn-taking in conversations, acquaintanceship, and interpersonal violence. My personality research has employed traditional and nontraditional measures and has emphasized sex differences, including differences in communication and spatial activity. I have related individual differences in personality and cognitive style to hormonal differences, especially involving testosterone. I assay testosterone from saliva, and the findings support a bio-social model. In this model, hormones affect individual expressions of behavior ranging from frowns and smiles to violent crime, but the role of hormones is limited by socialization forces from family, school and community.

I use novel methods of collecting and analyzing data. Some of my research involves archival sources of data, and some is conducted in such settings outside the university as prisons, law offices, fire departments, construction sites, strip clubs, and sports arenas.